COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TIP CLEARANCE EFFECT ON AERODYNAMIC AND 
ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE OF THE DUCTED FAN

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2023 Vol.28, Issue 4 Preview Page

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TIP CLEARANCE EFFECT ON AERODYNAMIC AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE OF THE DUCTED FAN 팁 간격이 덕티드 팬의 공력 및 소음 성능에 미치는 영향에 관한 전산해석: 황유현,¹ 김시진,¹ 조규철,² 명노신,^1,3 이학진*^1,3
Y.H. Hwang,¹ S.J. Kim,¹ K.C. Cho,² R.S. Myong^1,3 and H. Lee*^1,3; ¹경상국립대학교 기계항공우주공학부
²(주)한국프롭
³경상국립대학교 항공핵심기술선도연구센터

¹School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gyeongsang National University
²Hangookprop Incorporated
³Research Center for Aircraft Core Technology, Gyeongsang National University

31 December 2023. pp. 106-116

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Abstract

A ducted fan offers improved safety by preventing object collisions and shielding the rotating blades. The tip clearance is an important parameter that can control the strong vortex generated at the rotating blade tips and impacts the performance. This study conducted computational analysis to investigate the effect of tip clearance on the aerodynamic performance and noise level of a ducted fan in hover condition using lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM) simulations. The tip clearance was defined as s/R = 1%, 2%, 4% using propeller radius(R), and computational analysis was conducted, including an propeller without duct. The thrust contribution of duct system was confirmed through the axial velocity field and surface pressure contour on ducted fan. Duct Shielding effect and aerodynamic noise level were investigated by comparing the overall sound pressure level (OASPL). Moreover, the directionality of noise propagation was observed using the instantaneous sound pressure field with various tip clearances. As a result, the strength of blade tip vortex increased as the tip clearance increased, thus leading to increase in tonal and broadband noise. It was concluded that a reduced tip clearance demonstrated enhanced noise reduction performance for the ducted fan.

Keywords

전산유체역학(Computational Fluid Dynamics)

격자-볼츠만 법(Lattice-Boltzmann Method)

로터 공력성능 (Rotor Aerodynamic Performance)

공력 소음(Aerodynamic Noise)

덕티드 팬(Ducted Fan)

팁 간격(Tip Clearance)

References

2006, Leishman, G.J., "Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics," Cambridge University Press.
2008, Pereira, J.L., "Hover and Wind-tunnel Testing of Shrouded Rotors for Improved Micro Air Vehicle Design," University of Maryland, College Park.
2021, Zhang, T. and Barakos, G.N., "High-fidelity Numerical Analysis and Optimisation of Ducted Propeller Aerodynamics and Acoustics," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol.113, 106708.10.1016/j.ast.2021.106708
2013, Yilmaz, S., Erdem, D. and Kavsaoglu, M., "Effects of Duct Shape on a Ducted Propeller Performance," 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition.
2015, Sheng, C., Zhao, Q. and Bi, N.P., "Numerical Investigations of Ducted Fan Hover Performance for Fan-In-Wing Applications," 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting.
2021, Cao, C., Zhao, G., Zhao, Q. and Wang, B., "Numerical Investigation and Optimization for Interior Duct Shape of Ducted Tail Rotor," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol.115, 106778.10.1016/j.ast.2021.106778
2008, Wallin, F., Arroyo Osso, C. and Johansson, T.G., "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of an Aggressive Intermediate Turbine Duct: Part 1-Flowfield at Design Inlet Conditions," 26th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference.
2019, Shukla, D. and Komerath, N., "Rotor-Duct Aerodynamic and Acoustic Interactions at Low Reynolds Number," Experiments in Fluids, Vol.60, No.20, pp.1-14.10.1007/s00348-018-2668-z
2015, Tao, Z.H.U. and Thomas H.CAROLUS, "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Tip Clearance Noise of an Axial Fan Using a Lattice Boltzmann Method," Conference paper: FAN.
1958, Taylor, R.T., "Experimental Investigation of the Effects of some Shroud Design Variables on the Static Thrust Characteristics of a Small-Scale Shrouded Propeller Submerged in a Wing," No. NACA TN 4126.
1968, Black, D. and Rohrbach, C., "Shrouded Propellers-A Comprehensive Performance Study," 5th Annual Meeting and Technical Display.
2004, Martin, P. and Tung, C., "Performance and Flowfield Measurements on a 10-inch Ducted Rotor VTOL UAV," 60th Annual Forum of the Aerican Helicopter Society.
2014, Akturk, A. and Camci, C., "Tip Clearance Investigation of a Ducted Fan Used in VTOL Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-Part I: Baseline Experiments and Computational Validation," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.136, 021004.10.1115/1.4023468
1978, Longhouse, R.E., "Control of Tip-Vortex Noise of Axial Flow Fans by Rotating Shrouds," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.58, No.2, pp.201-204.10.1016/S0022-460X(78)80075-3
1986, Fukano, T., Takamatsu, Y. and Kodama, Y., "The Effects of Tip Clearance on the Noise of Low Pressure Axial and Mixed Flow Fans," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.105, No.2, pp.291-308.10.1016/0022-460X(86)90158-6
2004, Fukano, T. and Jang, C.M., "Tip Clearance Noise of Axial Flow Fans Operating at Design and Off-design Condition," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.275, No.3-5, pp.1027-1050.10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00815-0
2020, Luo, B., Chu, W. and Zhang, H., "Tip Leakage Flow and Aeroacoustics Analysis of a Low-Speed Axial Fan," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol.98, 105700.10.1016/j.ast.2020.105700
2014, Kotapati, R.B., Shock, R. and Chen, H., "Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Flows over Backward-Facing Inclined Steps," International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol.25, No.1, 1340021.10.1142/S0129183113400214
1998, Chen, S., and Doolen, G.D., "Lattice Boltzmann Method for Fluid Flows," Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.30, No.1, pp.329-364.10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.329
1954, Bhatnagar, P.L., Gross, E.P. and Krook, M., "A Model for Collision Processes in Gases. I. Small Amplitude Processes in Charged and Neutral One-Component Systems," Physical Review, Vol.94, No.3, pp.511-525.10.1103/PhysRev.94.511
1998, Yakhot, V. and Orszag, S.A., "Renormalization Group Analysis of Turbulence. I. Basic Theory," Journal of Scientific Computing, Vol.1, No.1, pp.3-51.10.1007/BF01061452
2003, Chen, H., Kandasamy, S., Orszag, S., Shock, R., Succi, S. and Yakhot, V., "Extended Boltzmann Kinetic Equation for Turbulent Flows," Science, Vol.301, No.5633, pp.633-636.10.1126/science.108504812893940
1998, Teixeira, C.M., "Incorporating turbulence models into the lattice-Boltzmann method," International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol.9, No.08, pp.1159-1175.10.1142/S0129183198001060
2006, Chung, K., Lee, D.J. and Hwang, C., "Helicopter BVI Noise Prediction Using Acoustic Analogy and High Resolution Airloads of Time Marching Free Wake Method," Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol.16, No.3, pp.291-297.10.5050/KSNVN.2006.16.3.291
2019, Spalart, P.R., Belyaev, K.V., Shur, M.L., Kh Strelets, M. and Travin, A.K., "On the Differences in Noise Predictions Based on Solid and Permeable Surface Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings Integral Solutions," International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol.18, No.6-7, pp.624-646.10.1177/1475472X19878934
2021, Lee, H.J., Yang, J.Y., Myong, R.S. and Lee, H., "Aerodynamic Analysis of Rotor Blade in Hovering and Forward Flight Using Lattice-Boltzmann Method," Journal of Computational Fluids Engineering, Vol.26, No.4, pp.115-124.10.6112/kscfe.2021.26.4.115
2022, Yang, J.Y., Lee, H.J., Myong, R.S. and Lee, H., "Computational Simulation of Coaxial eVTOL Aircraft in Ground Effect," Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Vol.26, No.4, pp.115-124.
2022, Kim, E.M., Yang, J.Y., Lee, H.J., Kang, M.J., Myong, R.S. and Lee, H., "Numerical Prediction of Rotor-Airframe Interaction Noise," Journal of Computational Fluids Engineering, Vol.50, No.9, pp.599-608.
2023, Kim, E.M., Yang, J.Y., Lee, H.J., Kang, M.J., Myong, R.S. and Lee, H., "Computational Investigation of Airframe Shape Effect on Rotor-Airframe Interaction Noise," Journal of Computational Fluids Engineering, Vol.28, No.1, pp.103-113.10.6112/kscfe.2023.28.1.103

Information

Publisher :Korean Society for Computational Fluids Engineering
Publisher(Ko) :한국전산유체공학회
Journal Title :Journal of Computational Fluids Engineering
Journal Title(Ko) :한국전산유체공학회지
Volume : 28
No :4
Pages :106-116

[1] 2006, Leishman, G.J., "Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics," Cambridge University Press.

[2] 2008, Pereira, J.L., "Hover and Wind-tunnel Testing of Shrouded Rotors for Improved Micro Air Vehicle Design," University of Maryland, College Park.

[3] 2021, Zhang, T. and Barakos, G.N., "High-fidelity Numerical Analysis and Optimisation of Ducted Propeller Aerodynamics and Acoustics," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol.113, 106708.10.1016/j.ast.2021.106708

[4] 2013, Yilmaz, S., Erdem, D. and Kavsaoglu, M., "Effects of Duct Shape on a Ducted Propeller Performance," 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition.

[5] 2015, Sheng, C., Zhao, Q. and Bi, N.P., "Numerical Investigations of Ducted Fan Hover Performance for Fan-In-Wing Applications," 53rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting.

[6] 2021, Cao, C., Zhao, G., Zhao, Q. and Wang, B., "Numerical Investigation and Optimization for Interior Duct Shape of Ducted Tail Rotor," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol.115, 106778.10.1016/j.ast.2021.106778

[7] 2008, Wallin, F., Arroyo Osso, C. and Johansson, T.G., "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of an Aggressive Intermediate Turbine Duct: Part 1-Flowfield at Design Inlet Conditions," 26th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference.

[8] 2019, Shukla, D. and Komerath, N., "Rotor-Duct Aerodynamic and Acoustic Interactions at Low Reynolds Number," Experiments in Fluids, Vol.60, No.20, pp.1-14.10.1007/s00348-018-2668-z

[9] 2015, Tao, Z.H.U. and Thomas H.CAROLUS, "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Tip Clearance Noise of an Axial Fan Using a Lattice Boltzmann Method," Conference paper: FAN.

[10] 1958, Taylor, R.T., "Experimental Investigation of the Effects of some Shroud Design Variables on the Static Thrust Characteristics of a Small-Scale Shrouded Propeller Submerged in a Wing," No. NACA TN 4126.

[11] 1968, Black, D. and Rohrbach, C., "Shrouded Propellers-A Comprehensive Performance Study," 5th Annual Meeting and Technical Display.

[12] 2004, Martin, P. and Tung, C., "Performance and Flowfield Measurements on a 10-inch Ducted Rotor VTOL UAV," 60th Annual Forum of the Aerican Helicopter Society.

[13] 2014, Akturk, A. and Camci, C., "Tip Clearance Investigation of a Ducted Fan Used in VTOL Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-Part I: Baseline Experiments and Computational Validation," Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.136, 021004.10.1115/1.4023468

[14] 1978, Longhouse, R.E., "Control of Tip-Vortex Noise of Axial Flow Fans by Rotating Shrouds," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.58, No.2, pp.201-204.10.1016/S0022-460X(78)80075-3

[15] 1986, Fukano, T., Takamatsu, Y. and Kodama, Y., "The Effects of Tip Clearance on the Noise of Low Pressure Axial and Mixed Flow Fans," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.105, No.2, pp.291-308.10.1016/0022-460X(86)90158-6

[16] 2004, Fukano, T. and Jang, C.M., "Tip Clearance Noise of Axial Flow Fans Operating at Design and Off-design Condition," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.275, No.3-5, pp.1027-1050.10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00815-0

[17] 2020, Luo, B., Chu, W. and Zhang, H., "Tip Leakage Flow and Aeroacoustics Analysis of a Low-Speed Axial Fan," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol.98, 105700.10.1016/j.ast.2020.105700

[18] 2014, Kotapati, R.B., Shock, R. and Chen, H., "Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Flows over Backward-Facing Inclined Steps," International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol.25, No.1, 1340021.10.1142/S0129183113400214

[19] 1998, Chen, S., and Doolen, G.D., "Lattice Boltzmann Method for Fluid Flows," Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol.30, No.1, pp.329-364.10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.329

[20] 1954, Bhatnagar, P.L., Gross, E.P. and Krook, M., "A Model for Collision Processes in Gases. I. Small Amplitude Processes in Charged and Neutral One-Component Systems," Physical Review, Vol.94, No.3, pp.511-525.10.1103/PhysRev.94.511

[21] 1998, Yakhot, V. and Orszag, S.A., "Renormalization Group Analysis of Turbulence. I. Basic Theory," Journal of Scientific Computing, Vol.1, No.1, pp.3-51.10.1007/BF01061452

[22] 2003, Chen, H., Kandasamy, S., Orszag, S., Shock, R., Succi, S. and Yakhot, V., "Extended Boltzmann Kinetic Equation for Turbulent Flows," Science, Vol.301, No.5633, pp.633-636.10.1126/science.108504812893940

[23] 1998, Teixeira, C.M., "Incorporating turbulence models into the lattice-Boltzmann method," International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol.9, No.08, pp.1159-1175.10.1142/S0129183198001060

[24] 2006, Chung, K., Lee, D.J. and Hwang, C., "Helicopter BVI Noise Prediction Using Acoustic Analogy and High Resolution Airloads of Time Marching Free Wake Method," Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vol.16, No.3, pp.291-297.10.5050/KSNVN.2006.16.3.291

[25] 2019, Spalart, P.R., Belyaev, K.V., Shur, M.L., Kh Strelets, M. and Travin, A.K., "On the Differences in Noise Predictions Based on Solid and Permeable Surface Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings Integral Solutions," International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol.18, No.6-7, pp.624-646.10.1177/1475472X19878934

[26] 2021, Lee, H.J., Yang, J.Y., Myong, R.S. and Lee, H., "Aerodynamic Analysis of Rotor Blade in Hovering and Forward Flight Using Lattice-Boltzmann Method," Journal of Computational Fluids Engineering, Vol.26, No.4, pp.115-124.10.6112/kscfe.2021.26.4.115

[27] 2022, Yang, J.Y., Lee, H.J., Myong, R.S. and Lee, H., "Computational Simulation of Coaxial eVTOL Aircraft in Ground Effect," Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Vol.26, No.4, pp.115-124.

[28] 2022, Kim, E.M., Yang, J.Y., Lee, H.J., Kang, M.J., Myong, R.S. and Lee, H., "Numerical Prediction of Rotor-Airframe Interaction Noise," Journal of Computational Fluids Engineering, Vol.50, No.9, pp.599-608.

[29] 2023, Kim, E.M., Yang, J.Y., Lee, H.J., Kang, M.J., Myong, R.S. and Lee, H., "Computational Investigation of Airframe Shape Effect on Rotor-Airframe Interaction Noise," Journal of Computational Fluids Engineering, Vol.28, No.1, pp.103-113.10.6112/kscfe.2023.28.1.103

Journal of Computational Fluids Engineering ISSN:1598-6071(Print) 3022-6252(Online) 한국전산유체공학회지

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